Evaluating Child and Adolescent Orthodontic Needs

Evaluating Child and Adolescent Orthodontic Needs

Importance of Early Orthodontic Evaluation

The importance of early evaluation and intervention in orthodontics cannot be overstated, particularly when it comes to assessing the needs of children and adolescents. Proper oral hygiene is crucial during orthodontic treatment Pediatric orthodontic care dentistry. As a crucial aspect of dental health, orthodontics not only enhances aesthetics but also contributes significantly to functional oral health. Early evaluation serves as a proactive approach that aids in identifying potential orthodontic issues before they develop into more complex problems, thereby ensuring better outcomes for young patients.


One of the primary reasons for early evaluation is the ability to intercept developing malocclusions or misalignment issues at a stage when they are most manageable. During childhood and adolescence, the jaw and teeth are still growing; thus, they are more responsive to corrective treatments. By identifying these issues early on, orthodontists can implement interventions that guide proper jaw development and alignment before permanent teeth have fully emerged. This preventive measure often reduces the need for more invasive procedures later on and can shorten treatment times significantly.


Moreover, early intervention can address functional concerns such as speech difficulties, chewing inefficiencies, or breathing problems that may arise from malocclusion. Correcting these issues at an early age not only improves oral function but also boosts the child's confidence and self-esteem during critical developmental years. Adolescents who undergo timely orthodontic treatment frequently report higher satisfaction with their appearance, which can positively influence their social interactions and overall quality of life.


Parental awareness plays a pivotal role in facilitating early evaluations. Parents should be encouraged to bring their children for an initial orthodontic screening by around age seven. At this age, enough permanent teeth have usually erupted to allow an orthodontist to identify existing or potential alignment problems effectively. Such screenings provide valuable insights into whether immediate intervention is necessary or if periodic monitoring will suffice until further action is needed.


In conclusion, early evaluation and intervention in orthodontics are vital components in managing child and adolescent dental health effectively. By addressing potential problems proactively rather than reactively, we lay down the foundation for healthier smiles and improved oral function throughout a person's life. Encouraging regular check-ups with dental professionals ensures that any emerging concerns are promptly addressed, underscoring the old adage that prevention is indeed better than cure.

Understanding growth and development is fundamental when it comes to evaluating child and adolescent orthodontic needs. This process involves not only assessing the current dental and facial structure of young patients but also anticipating future changes as they grow. The dynamic nature of growth during childhood and adolescence presents both challenges and opportunities for orthodontic intervention, making the evaluation process a critical component in planning effective treatment strategies.


Children's growth patterns are influenced by a myriad of factors including genetics, nutrition, and overall health. As such, each child's development trajectory is unique, necessitating a personalized approach to their orthodontic care. Orthodontists must consider factors such as the timing of dental eruptions, jaw growth, and facial symmetry when evaluating potential treatments. An understanding of these developmental stages allows practitioners to predict changes that may occur naturally over time or require intervention.


Early evaluation offers significant advantages. By identifying issues at a young age, orthodontists can guide teeth into better positions as they emerge or modify jaw growth through appliances like expanders or headgear. This proactive approach can simplify later treatments or even eliminate the need for more invasive procedures in the future. For instance, correcting a crossbite or addressing severe crowding early on can lead to better outcomes and shorter treatment times.


Adolescents present another layer of complexity due to hormonal changes associated with puberty that can affect bone density and facial structure. During this period, rapid changes can occur which might alter previous assessments requiring ongoing monitoring and adjustments in treatment plans. Additionally, adolescents are often more conscious of their appearance which necessitates balancing functional improvements with aesthetic considerations.


Furthermore, psychological aspects play an important role in evaluating orthodontic needs for children and adolescents. Younger patients may have concerns about how braces or other appliances will impact their daily lives or self-esteem. Effective communication between orthodontists, patients, and their families is essential to ensure understanding of the benefits of treatment despite temporary discomforts or inconveniences.


In conclusion, evaluating child and adolescent orthodontic needs requires a comprehensive understanding of individual growth patterns combined with thoughtful anticipation of future developments. Early assessment enables timely interventions that leverage natural growth processes while addressing emerging issues effectively. By considering both physical dynamics and psychological well-being throughout this developmental journey, orthodontists can help pave the way for healthier smiles that last a lifetime.

Benefits of Early Intervention in Orthodontics

Evaluating the orthodontic needs of children and adolescents involves understanding the key developmental stages that impact dental structures and overall oral health. These stages are crucial as they inform the timing, type, and necessity of orthodontic interventions, ensuring that treatments are both effective and minimally invasive.


In early childhood, around ages 6 to 7, children typically begin to lose their primary teeth. This stage is significant as it marks the eruption of permanent teeth. It is during this time that orthodontists often recommend an initial evaluation. Early assessments can identify issues such as crowding or misalignment, which may benefit from interceptive treatments designed to guide jaw growth and accommodate emerging permanent teeth. This proactive approach can mitigate more severe problems in later years.


As children transition into middle childhood, usually between ages 8 to 10, further changes occur with the continued loss of baby teeth and arrival of more permanent teeth. During this phase, monitoring becomes essential. Orthodontists look for signs of malocclusion-misalignments in how upper and lower teeth come together-as well as other concerns like crossbites or open bites. Intervening at this point with braces or other appliances can redirect growth patterns in a favorable manner.


Adolescence brings about another critical stage for orthodontic evaluation due to rapid physical development driven by puberty. From approximately ages 11 to 15, most individuals will have a full set of permanent teeth excluding wisdom teeth. The adolescent growth spurt provides an opportunity for corrective measures that leverage natural bone growth processes. Braces are commonly used during this period because they can effectively realign teeth while accommodating ongoing changes in facial structure.


Throughout these stages, it is important for parents and healthcare providers to maintain regular dental check-ups to monitor progress and adjust treatment plans accordingly. The psychological aspects also play a role; adolescents are particularly sensitive to self-image issues related to appearance, making empathetic communication about benefits versus short-term discomforts vital.


In conclusion, understanding key developmental stages helps tailor orthodontic needs appropriately for each child or adolescent. Early evaluations allow for timely interventions that can simplify future treatments or even eliminate them altogether by addressing problems before they escalate. Ultimately, recognizing these critical periods ensures that young patients achieve optimal oral health outcomes while navigating their formative years with confidence and comfort.

Benefits of Early Intervention in Orthodontics

Overview of Comprehensive Orthodontic Strategies

Orthodontic care is an essential aspect of pediatric dentistry, aimed at diagnosing and treating dental and facial irregularities in children. As children grow, their oral structures undergo significant changes, making it crucial for parents and healthcare professionals to identify common orthodontic issues early on. Evaluating a child's orthodontic needs involves understanding the typical problems that may arise during their developmental years and knowing when to seek professional intervention.


One of the most prevalent orthodontic issues in children is malocclusion, commonly known as misalignment of the teeth. This can manifest in various forms such as overbite, underbite, crossbite, or open bite. An overbite occurs when the upper front teeth significantly overlap the lower front teeth, while an underbite is characterized by the lower teeth extending beyond the upper teeth. Crossbites happen when some of the upper teeth sit inside the lower teeth rather than outside them. Lastly, an open bite results when there is a noticeable gap between the front or side teeth when biting down.


Crowding is another concern frequently observed in growing children. As permanent teeth start to erupt, there might not be enough space for them to align properly due to premature loss of primary (baby) teeth or a naturally small jaw size. Conversely, spacing issues can also occur if there are gaps between two or more teeth. These spacing problems may cause aesthetic concerns and lead to functional difficulties like improper chewing or speech impediments.


In addition to these alignment issues, habits such as thumb sucking or prolonged use of pacifiers can contribute to orthodontic problems like protruding front teeth or jaw misalignment. Identifying these habits early allows parents and caregivers to work with dental professionals on behavior modification strategies that can prevent long-term consequences.


Early detection of these common orthodontic issues offers several advantages. It allows for timely interventions that can guide proper jaw growth and tooth eruption patterns, potentially minimizing more invasive treatments later on. Regular dental check-ups starting from a young age are crucial as they provide opportunities for dentists to monitor changes in a child's oral development closely.


Furthermore, educating parents about signs indicating possible orthodontic needs empowers them to take proactive steps toward seeking professional evaluation from an orthodontist. Some warning signs include difficulty chewing or biting food efficiently; mouth breathing; persistent thumb sucking after age five; speech difficulties; and any visible irregularities in tooth alignment.


In conclusion, identifying common orthodontic issues in children plays a vital role in ensuring their long-term oral health and well-being. By understanding potential problems like malocclusion and crowding-and recognizing contributing factors such as harmful oral habits-parents can make informed decisions regarding their child's orthodontic care needs. Early evaluation by dental professionals not only facilitates timely treatment but also fosters healthy smiles that last a lifetime.

Role of Technology in Modern Pediatric Orthodontics

Orthodontic issues in children and adolescents often form a complex web of concerns that can significantly impact both oral health and self-esteem. Among these, malocclusions, crowding, spacing, and bite issues are some of the most common problems that necessitate careful evaluation and intervention.


Malocclusion refers to any misalignment between the teeth of the two dental arches when they come into contact with each other. This can manifest as overbites, underbites, crossbites, or open bites. Each type poses unique challenges; for instance, an overbite might lead to excessive wear on the lower teeth or even cause damage to the gums behind the upper front teeth. Conversely, an underbite could impair proper chewing function and speech development.


Crowding occurs when there is insufficient space in the jaw for all of the teeth to fit normally. This often results in crooked or overlapped teeth, making it difficult to maintain good oral hygiene. The accumulation of plaque and food particles in hard-to-reach areas can elevate the risk for cavities and gum disease. Moreover, crowded teeth might become more prone to trauma because they protrude outwards more than usual.


Spacing issues arise when there is too much space between teeth. While this might seem less problematic than crowding at first glance, significant gaps can also become a concern. Spacing may result from missing teeth or abnormally small teeth relative to jaw size. These gaps can affect speech patterns and allow food particles to lodge between teeth easily, potentially leading to gingival irritation.


Bite issues encompass several problems related to how the upper and lower jaws meet. A misaligned bite can have far-reaching implications beyond aesthetics; it may contribute to difficulties with chewing efficiently or speaking clearly. In severe cases, it could even lead to temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders which manifest as chronic pain around the jawline.


Evaluating orthodontic needs in young individuals involves a comprehensive assessment by dental professionals who consider factors such as age-specific growth patterns and developmental milestones. Early detection through regular dental check-ups is crucial because many orthodontic issues are easier-and less costly-to correct while a child's mouth is still developing.


Interventions vary widely depending on individual circumstances but commonly include braces or aligners designed to gradually shift teeth into proper alignment over time. For some cases involving severe jaw discrepancies, surgical options might be considered once facial growth has ceased.


Ultimately, addressing these orthodontic challenges not only enhances oral function but also boosts confidence during formative years when self-image plays a pivotal role in social interactions and personal development. By understanding malocclusions, crowding, spacing issues, and bite discrepancies thoroughly within this context of evaluating orthodontic needs among youth populations-parents alongside healthcare providers-can make informed decisions that pave pathways for healthier smiles long into adulthood.

Tips for Parents: Ensuring Successful Orthodontic Outcomes for Children

Assessing the orthodontic needs of children and adolescents is a critical aspect of ensuring their oral health and overall well-being. As these young individuals grow, their dental structures undergo significant changes that may require intervention to prevent or correct malocclusions and other orthodontic issues. Understanding the various assessment techniques available for evaluating these needs is essential for practitioners who aim to provide targeted and effective treatment plans.


One of the primary assessment techniques is the clinical examination, which serves as the foundation for identifying orthodontic problems. During this examination, dentists or orthodontists perform a thorough evaluation of the patient's teeth alignment, jaw relationship, bite function, and facial aesthetics. This hands-on approach allows professionals to gather firsthand information about any irregularities that may necessitate further investigation or intervention.


Radiographic analysis complements the clinical examination by providing detailed images of the teeth, jaws, and surrounding structures. X-rays such as panoramic radiographs or cephalometric films offer invaluable insights into underlying issues not visible during a physical exam. These images help in assessing tooth development, identifying impacted teeth, examining bone structure, and planning precise treatment strategies.


In addition to visual assessments, dental models play a crucial role in evaluating orthodontic needs. Traditionally made from impressions of the patient's mouth, these models allow practitioners to study occlusion patterns and spatial relationships between teeth in three dimensions. More recently, digital scanning technology has advanced this process by offering highly accurate virtual models that can be manipulated for detailed analysis without physical casts.


Another key technique is conducting functional assessments to evaluate how well a child's or adolescent's oral structures work together during tasks like chewing and speaking. Assessments might include observing jaw movement patterns or checking for speech impediments linked to dental misalignments. Functional evaluations provide insight into whether a patient requires interventions beyond cosmetic improvements.


Beyond technical methods, understanding patient history is an indispensable component of comprehensive assessments. Gathering information about family dental history can reveal genetic predispositions to certain conditions while discussing lifestyle factors might uncover habits contributing to misalignments or other issues. This contextual knowledge aids professionals in tailoring treatment plans specific to each individual's circumstances.


The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) is another tool that provides an objective measure for determining which patients would benefit most from orthodontic care based on severity criteria established through research-backed indices used internationally by health services organizations when prioritizing treatments among populations with limited resources available due largely because public funding constraints exist worldwide regarding accessibilities associated exclusively towards specialized healthcare sectors such as those involved directly within fields related specifically concerning general dentistry practices focused primarily around corrective measures needed particularly involving younger demographics showcasing potential developmental abnormalities requiring immediate attention promptly addressed accordingly according per recommended guidelines set forth universally accepted standards governing professional ethics maintaining highest quality assurance possible throughout entire procedural processes undertaken collectively ensuring optimal outcomes achieved consistently thereby enhancing overall patient satisfaction significantly over time undoubtedly leading ultimately towards improved societal health metrics acknowledged globally recognized benchmarks indicative prevalent trends observed universally across diverse cultural contexts encountered daily amidst ever-evolving landscapes continuously transforming dynamically shaping future prospects anticipated ahead inevitably resulting greater prosperity shared amongst humanity holistically moving forward progressively united steadfastly committed unwavering pursuit excellence always remaining vigilant proactively safeguarding welfare interests concerted efforts dedicated tirelessly advancing noble cause championing betterment generations yet come positively impacting countless lives immeasurably enduring legacy lasting far-reaching impact inspiring hope aspirations tomorrow brighter than today possible imaginable only through collaborative cooperation amongst all stakeholders involved diligently working together harmoniously achieving common goals dreams realized fruition materialized tangible reality once thought impossible now attainable reachable grasp achievable touch within reach attainable horizon beckoning promising limitless potentials awaiting fulfill exploration discovery

Evaluating the orthodontic needs of children and adolescents is a critical step in ensuring their oral health and overall well-being. As these young individuals are still developing, timely intervention can prevent more serious dental issues in adulthood. The process involves several examination methods, each providing unique insights into the condition of their teeth and jaws.


Visual inspections serve as the first line of evaluation. During these examinations, dentists or orthodontists carefully observe the alignment of the teeth, checking for obvious signs of malocclusion such as crowding, gaps, overbites, or underbites. Visual inspections also allow professionals to assess other factors like facial symmetry and jaw function. This method is non-invasive and can be conducted quickly during routine check-ups, making it an ideal starting point for identifying potential orthodontic issues.


Radiographs or X-rays are another essential tool in evaluating orthodontic needs. They provide a deeper look into the structures that aren't visible to the naked eye during visual inspections. Radiographs help in assessing the position of teeth roots, detecting impacted teeth, and evaluating jawbone health. They are particularly useful in understanding how adult teeth are developing beneath the gums in younger children. With this information, orthodontists can predict how these teeth will emerge and plan accordingly.


Dental impressions create a physical or digital model of a patient's mouth, offering another dimension to orthodontic evaluations. These impressions capture every contour of a child's bite pattern and tooth alignment with precision. Traditional impressions involve using soft materials that harden around the teeth while digital scanning offers a modern alternative by creating 3D models without any discomfort for the patient. These models assist in diagnosing complex cases where visual inspections and radiographs might not provide enough detail on their own.


Together, these examination methods form a comprehensive approach to understanding each child's unique orthodontic needs. By employing visual inspections, radiographs, and dental impressions effectively, dental professionals can devise personalized treatment plans that address current concerns while anticipating future developments as children grow.


In conclusion, evaluating child and adolescent orthodontic needs requires a careful blend of observation through visual inspections, detailed analysis with radiographs, and precise modeling via dental impressions. Each method contributes valuable information that ensures early detection and treatment of potential issues-ultimately safeguarding not just oral health but also boosting confidence through improved smiles as they mature into adulthood.

When evaluating the orthodontic needs of children and adolescents, determining the necessity of treatment requires a careful and comprehensive approach. Orthodontic issues in young patients can have profound effects not only on their oral health but also on their psychological well-being. Therefore, it is essential to consider a myriad of factors that encompass both clinical assessments and individual circumstances.


Firstly, clinical indicators play a central role in determining whether orthodontic treatment is necessary. Dental professionals often assess malocclusions-misalignments of the teeth and jaws-which are classified into different categories based on severity. Class I malocclusion might involve minor spacing or crowding issues, while Class II and III malocclusions could indicate more significant discrepancies requiring intervention. The importance of early detection cannot be overstated, as timely treatment can prevent more severe complications later in life.


Beyond the mechanical aspects of alignment, functional concerns are equally important. Issues such as difficulty chewing or speaking properly due to misaligned teeth warrant serious consideration for orthodontic intervention. Moreover, habits like thumb sucking or tongue thrusting can exacerbate dental problems if not addressed promptly through appropriate treatment plans.


Another critical criterion is the psychosocial impact on the child or adolescent. In an age group that is particularly sensitive to self-image, dental irregularities can lead to lowered self-esteem and social anxiety. Children who are teased because of their appearance may develop negative associations with smiling or interacting with peers, which emphasizes the need for corrective measures not just for physical alignment but also for mental health.


Patient-specific factors must also be taken into account when assessing treatment necessity. These include age, growth potential, and overall health status. Younger patients might benefit from interceptive treatments that guide jaw growth favorably during developmental years, whereas older adolescents may require more comprehensive approaches once most facial growth has occurred.


Financial considerations inevitably come into play as well. Orthodontic treatments can be costly and time-consuming; therefore, weighing the benefits against economic constraints is crucial for families making these decisions. Consultation with insurance providers regarding coverage options can alleviate some financial burdens associated with orthodontics.


Family history should not be overlooked either since genetic predispositions often influence dental structures. A family tendency toward specific dental issues might necessitate earlier intervention strategies tailored to preempt inherited conditions.


In conclusion, determining the necessity of orthodontic treatment for children and adolescents involves a holistic evaluation encompassing clinical criteria, functional needs, psychosocial impacts, individual patient factors, financial considerations, and genetic influences. By addressing these diverse elements comprehensively, dental professionals ensure that each young patient receives care tailored to their unique circumstances-ultimately leading to healthier smiles and improved quality of life both now and in the future.

Evaluating the orthodontic needs of children and adolescents involves a complex decision-making process influenced by a multitude of factors. These factors can be broadly categorized into clinical, psychological, social, and economic considerations. Understanding these influences helps in creating comprehensive treatment plans tailored to each individual's unique situation.


Firstly, clinical factors play a pivotal role in deciding when to initiate orthodontic treatment. Orthodontists assess various dental anomalies such as malocclusions, overcrowding, or misalignment of teeth that could potentially impact oral health and function. The severity and type of these conditions often dictate the urgency and timing of intervention. For instance, some issues may require early intervention during childhood to prevent more severe complications later on, while others might be best addressed during adolescence when growth spurts occur.


Psychological influences are equally important in this decision-making process. The self-esteem and social experiences of children and adolescents can be significantly affected by their dental appearance. Crooked or misaligned teeth might lead to teasing or bullying at school, which can have lasting impacts on a young person's confidence and mental well-being. Parents and healthcare providers must weigh these psychological aspects alongside clinical needs to determine the most appropriate time for starting treatment.


Social factors also contribute to the decision to pursue orthodontic care. Cultural norms regarding appearance and societal expectations about dental aesthetics can pressure families into seeking orthodontic solutions for their children. Additionally, peer influence often plays a part; children who see their friends undergoing treatment might express interest themselves, prompting parents to consider similar options.


Economic considerations cannot be overlooked when evaluating the need for orthodontic treatment. The cost associated with braces or other corrective devices is substantial and varies depending on the complexity of the case and duration of treatment required. Insurance coverage also greatly influences decision-making; families with comprehensive plans are more likely to pursue orthodontics compared to those without financial assistance.


In conclusion, initiating orthodontic treatment for children and adolescents encompasses a variety of interconnected factors that extend beyond mere clinical indications. It requires careful consideration of psychological impacts, social contexts, cultural values, and economic constraints. By acknowledging these diverse influences, orthodontists can provide personalized care that not only addresses functional dental issues but also supports overall well-being in young patients as they grow into adulthood.

Timing and planning are crucial components in the realm of orthodontic interventions, particularly when it comes to evaluating the needs of children and adolescents. Orthodontics is not just about achieving a beautiful smile; it is fundamentally concerned with ensuring optimal oral health and function. The developmental stages of young patients necessitate a nuanced approach that considers both the physical and psychological aspects of treatment timing.


The evaluation process for determining orthodontic needs in children and adolescents involves a multifaceted assessment. It begins with an understanding that each child grows at their own pace, and this growth can significantly impact dental development. Therefore, early assessments are vital. The American Association of Orthodontists recommends that children have their first orthodontic checkup by age seven. This early evaluation allows orthodontists to detect potential problems such as crowding, spacing, protruding teeth, or jaw misalignment at a stage where they can be more easily managed.


Timing plays a pivotal role because certain issues are best addressed during specific phases of dental development. For example, interceptive treatments may be initiated when a mix of primary (baby) teeth and permanent teeth are present. This stage provides an opportunity to influence jaw growth favorably or guide permanent teeth into better positions as they emerge. Intervening at this point can prevent more complex treatments later on.


Adolescence presents another critical window for orthodontic intervention due to the growth spurts typical during these years. Comprehensive treatments often coincide with this period because rapid skeletal growth can aid in correcting jaw discrepancies or aligning teeth effectively. Planning treatment around these natural growth patterns enhances outcomes and reduces the likelihood of requiring surgical interventions later.


Moreover, psychological readiness is another factor influencing timing decisions. Adolescents' self-esteem is often closely tied to their appearance, including their smile. Thus, an intervention that resolves significant dental issues can have profound effects on social confidence and emotional well-being.


In planning orthodontic interventions for young patients, collaboration among healthcare providers is essential. Pediatric dentists play a key role in identifying early signs of malocclusion or other concerns during routine checkups and referring patients to orthodontists promptly when necessary.


Ultimately, successful timing and planning require personalized strategies tailored to each child's unique developmental trajectory and lifestyle considerations. Advances in technology, such as digital imaging and 3D modeling, have greatly enhanced practitioners' ability to craft precise treatment plans suited to individual needs.


In conclusion, evaluating child and adolescent orthodontic needs involves delicate balancing acts between clinical guidelines, developmental biology, patient psychology, and familial preferences. Early detection paired with strategic intervention timing ensures not only the correction of existing oral health issues but also fosters healthier long-term outcomes for young patients embarking on their life's journey with confidence in their smiles.

When it comes to evaluating child and adolescent orthodontic needs, one of the most critical considerations is determining the ideal timing for starting treatment. This decision is not only pivotal for ensuring effective outcomes but also for accommodating the unique developmental stages and individual needs of each young patient. The discussion around this topic involves a blend of clinical expertise, understanding growth patterns, and careful consideration of the patient's overall health and psychological readiness.


Orthodontic treatment during childhood or adolescence often hinges on the concept of "growth spurts," which are periods when bones grow rapidly. These spurts offer a strategic window during which orthodontic interventions can be particularly effective because they allow for easier manipulation of teeth and bone structures. For instance, early intervention-typically between ages 7 and 9-might be recommended in cases where severe crowding or bite issues are present. Early treatment can guide jaw growth in a favorable direction, lower the risk of trauma to protruding front teeth, and improve facial aesthetics.


However, it's important to understand that early intervention is not always necessary or beneficial. In many cases, waiting until all permanent teeth have erupted around age 12-14 may be more appropriate. This approach allows orthodontists to work with a full set of adult teeth, reducing the need for future treatments. Decisions about whether to start early or wait are highly individualized and depend on various factors including dental development rates, specific orthodontic issues present, and even social considerations such as the child's comfort with wearing braces.


Moreover, psychological readiness plays a crucial role in determining when to begin orthodontic treatment. Adolescents might feel self-conscious about their appearance with braces or other orthodontic appliances. Therefore, involving them in discussions about their treatment plan can empower them and increase their commitment to maintaining good oral hygiene throughout the process.


Another aspect worth considering is how long-term goals align with immediate needs. Orthodontists must evaluate whether early treatment will provide lasting benefits or if waiting could potentially yield better results while minimizing disruption to the child's life.


Ultimately, the ideal timing for starting orthodontic treatment in children and adolescents should be personalized based on detailed evaluations by qualified professionals who can balance clinical findings with individual preferences and lifestyle factors. By doing so, they ensure that each young patient receives care tailored not just to correct dental issues efficiently but also to enhance their overall well-being during these formative years.


In conclusion, while there are general guidelines regarding when certain treatments should occur based on typical developmental milestones, every child is unique-and so too should be their orthodontic care plan. Emphasizing personalized assessments allows us to provide optimal care that respects both medical efficacy and personal circumstances-a holistic approach that benefits both patients and practitioners alike in achieving successful long-term outcomes.

The evaluation of child and adolescent orthodontic needs is a complex process that involves multiple stakeholders, among whom parents and guardians play an indispensable role. Their involvement is not only beneficial but also crucial in ensuring that the orthodontic treatment plan aligns with the best interests of the young patient.


To begin with, parents and guardians serve as primary observers of their child's developmental milestones. They are often the first to notice irregularities in dental alignment or jaw development, prompting an initial consultation with an orthodontist. This early detection can be pivotal in addressing issues before they become more pronounced or complicated, potentially leading to more effective and less invasive treatment options.


Furthermore, parents and guardians provide essential health history information that can significantly influence the evaluation process. Details about past medical conditions, allergies, or previous dental treatments enable orthodontists to create a comprehensive profile of the child's oral health. This information aids in tailoring a personalized treatment approach that considers both current needs and potential future challenges.


In addition to providing historical context, parents and guardians act as advocates for their children during consultations. They ensure that their child's concerns are heard and understood by healthcare professionals. This advocacy is particularly important when dealing with adolescents who may be self-conscious about their appearance or hesitant to express discomfort about proposed procedures.


Moreover, parental involvement extends beyond initial evaluations into ongoing support throughout treatment. Parents need to ensure adherence to prescribed regimens such as wearing braces or retainers consistently, attending regular follow-up appointments, and maintaining optimal oral hygiene practices. This support system helps reinforce the importance of commitment to achieving desired outcomes.


Financial considerations are another critical area where parents' roles come into play. Orthodontic treatments can be costly; hence parents must evaluate insurance coverages, discuss payment plans with providers, and make informed decisions about investments in their child's oral health.


Lastly, by engaging actively in discussions about treatment goals and expectations with orthodontists, parents help set realistic objectives for both themselves and their children. Understanding what can be achieved through specific interventions helps mitigate anxiety related to anticipated results versus actual outcomes.


In conclusion, the role of parents and guardians in evaluating child and adolescent orthodontic needs cannot be overstated. Their active participation ensures that children receive timely care tailored specifically for them while promoting a supportive environment conducive to successful treatment experiences. As partners in this journey towards better oral health for their children, they not only contribute valuable insights but also foster trust between families and healthcare providers-ultimately enhancing overall satisfaction with the evaluation process itself.

Parental involvement plays a pivotal role in understanding treatment options, especially when it comes to evaluating child and adolescent orthodontic needs. Orthodontic care often requires a significant commitment of time, resources, and emotional support from families. Therefore, ensuring that parents are well-informed and actively engaged in the decision-making process is essential for the success of any orthodontic treatment plan.


Firstly, parents serve as primary advocates for their children's health. In the context of orthodontics, this advocacy begins with recognizing potential issues early on. Parents who are educated about common signs of orthodontic problems-such as misaligned teeth, difficulty in chewing or speaking, and irregular jaw growth-can seek timely consultations with orthodontists. Early intervention can significantly impact the effectiveness and duration of treatment.


Moreover, understanding the variety of treatment options available-from traditional metal braces to clear aligners or even surgical interventions-is crucial for making informed decisions. Each child's orthodontic needs are unique; thus, a one-size-fits-all approach does not apply. Parents who engage in discussions with healthcare providers gain insights into the pros and cons of each option, helping them choose a path that aligns best with their child's specific needs and lifestyle preferences.


Financial considerations also come into play when evaluating orthodontic treatments. The costs associated with different procedures can vary widely. Parents who take an active role in discussing these aspects can better prepare financially and explore insurance coverage or payment plans that make such necessary treatments more accessible.


In addition to logistical concerns, parental involvement has a profound emotional impact on children undergoing orthodontic treatment. The process can be daunting for young patients due to discomfort or aesthetic concerns about wearing braces or other appliances. When parents show support by being present at appointments and maintaining open lines of communication about progress and expectations, they help alleviate anxiety and foster a positive outlook toward achieving long-term dental health goals.


Furthermore, education empowers parents to reinforce good oral hygiene practices at home during treatment periods-an essential component for successful outcomes. Consistent brushing, flossing around braces or aligners, and adhering to dietary restrictions require parental guidance to ensure compliance from younger patients.


Ultimately, the importance of parental involvement in understanding treatment options extends beyond immediate clinical benefits; it lays the foundation for promoting overall health literacy within families. By participating actively throughout their child's orthodontic journey-from initial evaluation through completion-parents model behaviors that prioritize healthcare engagement and informed decision-making skills applicable across all areas of life.


In conclusion, evaluating child and adolescent orthodontic needs is not solely about aligning teeth but encompasses fostering an environment where informed choices lead to healthier futures. Parental involvement is indispensable in navigating this journey effectively while instilling values that advocate lifelong attention to personal well-being-a legacy far reaching beyond perfect smiles alone.

Addressing orthodontic concerns during childhood offers a multitude of long-term advantages that extend well into adulthood, impacting not only oral health but also overall well-being. In evaluating the orthodontic needs of children and adolescents, it becomes evident that early intervention can pave the way for healthier, more confident futures.


One of the most significant benefits of addressing orthodontic issues at a young age is the potential to guide proper jaw growth and development. During childhood, bones are still malleable, allowing orthodontists to correct misalignments and irregularities more effectively than in adults. This proactive approach can prevent more severe complications later in life, such as temporomandibular joint disorders or difficulties with chewing and speaking.


Moreover, early orthodontic treatment can significantly enhance oral hygiene. Crooked or overcrowded teeth often create hard-to-reach areas where plaque accumulates, increasing the risk of cavities and gum disease. By correcting these issues early on, children can maintain better oral hygiene practices throughout their lives, reducing long-term dental problems and associated healthcare costs.


Another important advantage is the boost in self-esteem and social confidence that comes with having an aligned smile. Childhood is a formative period where social interactions play a crucial role in personal development. Children who undergo orthodontic treatment tend to experience increased confidence in their appearance, leading to improved social relationships and academic performance.


Furthermore, addressing orthodontic concerns early can lead to financial savings over time. While orthodontic treatments may seem costly upfront, correcting issues before they worsen can prevent the need for more expensive procedures down the line. Investing in children's dental health early on often results in fewer complications and less extensive treatments during adulthood.


In conclusion, evaluating and addressing orthodontic needs during childhood offers undeniable long-term advantages. From facilitating proper jaw development and promoting better oral hygiene to enhancing self-esteem and providing financial benefits, early intervention sets the stage for healthier futures. As we continue to recognize the importance of preventive care in dentistry, prioritizing children's orthodontic health emerges as a wise investment in their overall quality of life.

This article is about the branch of medicine. For the journal, see Pediatrics (journal). For the branch of dentistry, see Pedodontics.

 

Pediatrics
A pediatrician examines a neonate.
Focus Infants, Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults
Subdivisions Paediatric cardiology, neonatology, critical care, pediatric oncology, hospital medicine, primary care, others (see below)
Significant diseases Congenital diseases, Infectious diseases, Childhood cancer, Mental disorders
Significant tests World Health Organization Child Growth Standards
Specialist Pediatrician
Glossary Glossary of medicine

Pediatrics (American English) also spelled paediatrics (British English), is the branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. In the United Kingdom, pediatrics covers many of their youth until the age of 18.[1] The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends people seek pediatric care through the age of 21, but some pediatric subspecialists continue to care for adults up to 25.[2][3] Worldwide age limits of pediatrics have been trending upward year after year.[4] A medical doctor who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician, or paediatrician. The word pediatrics and its cognates mean "healer of children", derived from the two Greek words: παῖς (pais "child") and ἰατρός (iatros "doctor, healer"). Pediatricians work in clinics, research centers, universities, general hospitals and children's hospitals, including those who practice pediatric subspecialties (e.g. neonatology requires resources available in a NICU).

History

[edit]
Part of Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, United Kingdom, which was the first pediatric hospital in the English-speaking world.

The earliest mentions of child-specific medical problems appear in the Hippocratic Corpus, published in the fifth century B.C., and the famous Sacred Disease. These publications discussed topics such as childhood epilepsy and premature births. From the first to fourth centuries A.D., Greek philosophers and physicians Celsus, Soranus of Ephesus, Aretaeus, Galen, and Oribasius, also discussed specific illnesses affecting children in their works, such as rashes, epilepsy, and meningitis.[5] Already Hippocrates, Aristotle, Celsus, Soranus, and Galen[6] understood the differences in growing and maturing organisms that necessitated different treatment: Ex toto non sic pueri ut viri curari debent ("In general, boys should not be treated in the same way as men").[7] Some of the oldest traces of pediatrics can be discovered in Ancient India where children's doctors were called kumara bhrtya.[6]

Even though some pediatric works existed during this time, they were scarce and rarely published due to a lack of knowledge in pediatric medicine. Sushruta Samhita, an ayurvedic text composed during the sixth century BCE, contains the text about pediatrics.[8] Another ayurvedic text from this period is Kashyapa Samhita.[9][10] A second century AD manuscript by the Greek physician and gynecologist Soranus of Ephesus dealt with neonatal pediatrics.[11] Byzantine physicians Oribasius, Aëtius of Amida, Alexander Trallianus, and Paulus Aegineta contributed to the field.[6] The Byzantines also built brephotrophia (crêches).[6] Islamic Golden Age writers served as a bridge for Greco-Roman and Byzantine medicine and added ideas of their own, especially Haly Abbas, Yahya Serapion, Abulcasis, Avicenna, and Averroes. The Persian philosopher and physician al-Razi (865–925), sometimes called the father of pediatrics, published a monograph on pediatrics titled Diseases in Children.[12][13] Also among the first books about pediatrics was Libellus [Opusculum] de aegritudinibus et remediis infantium 1472 ("Little Book on Children Diseases and Treatment"), by the Italian pediatrician Paolo Bagellardo.[14][5] In sequence came Bartholomäus Metlinger's Ein Regiment der Jungerkinder 1473, Cornelius Roelans (1450–1525) no title Buchlein, or Latin compendium, 1483, and Heinrich von Louffenburg (1391–1460) Versehung des Leibs written in 1429 (published 1491), together form the Pediatric Incunabula, four great medical treatises on children's physiology and pathology.[6]

While more information about childhood diseases became available, there was little evidence that children received the same kind of medical care that adults did.[15] It was during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that medical experts started offering specialized care for children.[5] The Swedish physician Nils Rosén von Rosenstein (1706–1773) is considered to be the founder of modern pediatrics as a medical specialty,[16][17] while his work The diseases of children, and their remedies (1764) is considered to be "the first modern textbook on the subject".[18] However, it was not until the nineteenth century that medical professionals acknowledged pediatrics as a separate field of medicine. The first pediatric-specific publications appeared between the 1790s and the 1920s.[19]

Etymology

[edit]

The term pediatrics was first introduced in English in 1859 by Abraham Jacobi. In 1860, he became "the first dedicated professor of pediatrics in the world."[20] Jacobi is known as the father of American pediatrics because of his many contributions to the field.[21][22] He received his medical training in Germany and later practiced in New York City.[23]

The first generally accepted pediatric hospital is the Hôpital des Enfants Malades (French: Hospital for Sick Children), which opened in Paris in June 1802 on the site of a previous orphanage.[24] From its beginning, this famous hospital accepted patients up to the age of fifteen years,[25] and it continues to this day as the pediatric division of the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, created in 1920 by merging with the nearby Necker Hospital, founded in 1778.[26]

In other European countries, the Charité (a hospital founded in 1710) in Berlin established a separate Pediatric Pavilion in 1830, followed by similar institutions at Saint Petersburg in 1834, and at Vienna and Breslau (now Wrocław), both in 1837. In 1852 Britain's first pediatric hospital, the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street was founded by Charles West.[24] The first Children's hospital in Scotland opened in 1860 in Edinburgh.[27] In the US, the first similar institutions were the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, which opened in 1855, and then Boston Children's Hospital (1869).[28] Subspecialties in pediatrics were created at the Harriet Lane Home at Johns Hopkins by Edwards A. Park.[29]

Differences between adult and pediatric medicine

[edit]

The body size differences are paralleled by maturation changes. The smaller body of an infant or neonate is substantially different physiologically from that of an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance, and developmental issues are of greater concern to pediatricians than they often are to adult physicians. A common adage is that children are not simply "little adults". The clinician must take into account the immature physiology of the infant or child when considering symptoms, prescribing medications, and diagnosing illnesses.[30]

Pediatric physiology directly impacts the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs that enter the body. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of medications differ between developing children and grown adults.[30][31][32] Despite completed studies and reviews, continual research is needed to better understand how these factors should affect the decisions of healthcare providers when prescribing and administering medications to the pediatric population.[30]

Absorption

[edit]

Many drug absorption differences between pediatric and adult populations revolve around the stomach. Neonates and young infants have increased stomach pH due to decreased acid secretion, thereby creating a more basic environment for drugs that are taken by mouth.[31][30][32] Acid is essential to degrading certain oral drugs before systemic absorption. Therefore, the absorption of these drugs in children is greater than in adults due to decreased breakdown and increased preservation in a less acidic gastric space.[31]

Children also have an extended rate of gastric emptying, which slows the rate of drug absorption.[31][32]

Drug absorption also depends on specific enzymes that come in contact with the oral drug as it travels through the body. Supply of these enzymes increase as children continue to develop their gastrointestinal tract.[31][32] Pediatric patients have underdeveloped proteins, which leads to decreased metabolism and increased serum concentrations of specific drugs. However, prodrugs experience the opposite effect because enzymes are necessary for allowing their active form to enter systemic circulation.[31]

Distribution

[edit]

Percentage of total body water and extracellular fluid volume both decrease as children grow and develop with time. Pediatric patients thus have a larger volume of distribution than adults, which directly affects the dosing of hydrophilic drugs such as beta-lactam antibiotics like ampicillin.[31] Thus, these drugs are administered at greater weight-based doses or with adjusted dosing intervals in children to account for this key difference in body composition.[31][30]

Infants and neonates also have fewer plasma proteins. Thus, highly protein-bound drugs have fewer opportunities for protein binding, leading to increased distribution.[30]

Metabolism

[edit]

Drug metabolism primarily occurs via enzymes in the liver and can vary according to which specific enzymes are affected in a specific stage of development.[31] Phase I and Phase II enzymes have different rates of maturation and development, depending on their specific mechanism of action (i.e. oxidation, hydrolysis, acetylation, methylation, etc.). Enzyme capacity, clearance, and half-life are all factors that contribute to metabolism differences between children and adults.[31][32] Drug metabolism can even differ within the pediatric population, separating neonates and infants from young children.[30]

Elimination

[edit]

Drug elimination is primarily facilitated via the liver and kidneys.[31] In infants and young children, the larger relative size of their kidneys leads to increased renal clearance of medications that are eliminated through urine.[32] In preterm neonates and infants, their kidneys are slower to mature and thus are unable to clear as much drug as fully developed kidneys. This can cause unwanted drug build-up, which is why it is important to consider lower doses and greater dosing intervals for this population.[30][31] Diseases that negatively affect kidney function can also have the same effect and thus warrant similar considerations.[31]

Pediatric autonomy in healthcare

[edit]

A major difference between the practice of pediatric and adult medicine is that children, in most jurisdictions and with certain exceptions, cannot make decisions for themselves. The issues of guardianship, privacy, legal responsibility, and informed consent must always be considered in every pediatric procedure. Pediatricians often have to treat the parents and sometimes, the family, rather than just the child. Adolescents are in their own legal class, having rights to their own health care decisions in certain circumstances. The concept of legal consent combined with the non-legal consent (assent) of the child when considering treatment options, especially in the face of conditions with poor prognosis or complicated and painful procedures/surgeries, means the pediatrician must take into account the desires of many people, in addition to those of the patient.[citation needed]

History of pediatric autonomy

[edit]

The term autonomy is traceable to ethical theory and law, where it states that autonomous individuals can make decisions based on their own logic.[33] Hippocrates was the first to use the term in a medical setting. He created a code of ethics for doctors called the Hippocratic Oath that highlighted the importance of putting patients' interests first, making autonomy for patients a top priority in health care.[34]  

In ancient times, society did not view pediatric medicine as essential or scientific.[35] Experts considered professional medicine unsuitable for treating children. Children also had no rights. Fathers regarded their children as property, so their children's health decisions were entrusted to them.[5] As a result, mothers, midwives, "wise women", and general practitioners treated the children instead of doctors.[35] Since mothers could not rely on professional medicine to take care of their children, they developed their own methods, such as using alkaline soda ash to remove the vernix at birth and treating teething pain with opium or wine. The absence of proper pediatric care, rights, and laws in health care to prioritize children's health led to many of their deaths. Ancient Greeks and Romans sometimes even killed healthy female babies and infants with deformities since they had no adequate medical treatment and no laws prohibiting infanticide.[5]

In the twentieth century, medical experts began to put more emphasis on children's rights. In 1989, in the United Nations Rights of the Child Convention, medical experts developed the Best Interest Standard of Child to prioritize children's rights and best interests. This event marked the onset of pediatric autonomy. In 1995, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) finally acknowledged the Best Interest Standard of a Child as an ethical principle for pediatric decision-making, and it is still being used today.[34]

Parental authority and current medical issues

[edit]

The majority of the time, parents have the authority to decide what happens to their child. Philosopher John Locke argued that it is the responsibility of parents to raise their children and that God gave them this authority. In modern society, Jeffrey Blustein, modern philosopher and author of the book Parents and Children: The Ethics of Family, argues that parental authority is granted because the child requires parents to satisfy their needs. He believes that parental autonomy is more about parents providing good care for their children and treating them with respect than parents having rights.[36] The researcher Kyriakos Martakis, MD, MSc, explains that research shows parental influence negatively affects children's ability to form autonomy. However, involving children in the decision-making process allows children to develop their cognitive skills and create their own opinions and, thus, decisions about their health. Parental authority affects the degree of autonomy the child patient has. As a result, in Argentina, the new National Civil and Commercial Code has enacted various changes to the healthcare system to encourage children and adolescents to develop autonomy. It has become more crucial to let children take accountability for their own health decisions.[37]

In most cases, the pediatrician, parent, and child work as a team to make the best possible medical decision. The pediatrician has the right to intervene for the child's welfare and seek advice from an ethics committee. However, in recent studies, authors have denied that complete autonomy is present in pediatric healthcare. The same moral standards should apply to children as they do to adults. In support of this idea is the concept of paternalism, which negates autonomy when it is in the patient's interests. This concept aims to keep the child's best interests in mind regarding autonomy. Pediatricians can interact with patients and help them make decisions that will benefit them, thus enhancing their autonomy. However, radical theories that question a child's moral worth continue to be debated today.[37] Authors often question whether the treatment and equality of a child and an adult should be the same. Author Tamar Schapiro notes that children need nurturing and cannot exercise the same level of authority as adults.[38] Hence, continuing the discussion on whether children are capable of making important health decisions until this day.

Modern advancements

[edit]

According to the Subcommittee of Clinical Ethics of the Argentinean Pediatric Society (SAP), children can understand moral feelings at all ages and can make reasonable decisions based on those feelings. Therefore, children and teens are deemed capable of making their own health decisions when they reach the age of 13. Recently, studies made on the decision-making of children have challenged that age to be 12.[37]

Technology has made several modern advancements that contribute to the future development of child autonomy, for example, unsolicited findings (U.F.s) of pediatric exome sequencing. They are findings based on pediatric exome sequencing that explain in greater detail the intellectual disability of a child and predict to what extent it will affect the child in the future. Genetic and intellectual disorders in children make them incapable of making moral decisions, so people look down upon this kind of testing because the child's future autonomy is at risk. It is still in question whether parents should request these types of testing for their children. Medical experts argue that it could endanger the autonomous rights the child will possess in the future. However, the parents contend that genetic testing would benefit the welfare of their children since it would allow them to make better health care decisions.[39] Exome sequencing for children and the decision to grant parents the right to request them is a medically ethical issue that many still debate today.

Education requirements

[edit]

Aspiring medical students will need 4 years of undergraduate courses at a college or university, which will get them a BS, BA or other bachelor's degree. After completing college, future pediatricians will need to attend 4 years of medical school (MD/DO/MBBS) and later do 3 more years of residency training, the first year of which is called "internship." After completing the 3 years of residency, physicians are eligible to become certified in pediatrics by passing a rigorous test that deals with medical conditions related to young children.[citation needed]

In high school, future pediatricians are required to take basic science classes such as biology, chemistry, physics, algebra, geometry, and calculus. It is also advisable to learn a foreign language (preferably Spanish in the United States) and be involved in high school organizations and extracurricular activities. After high school, college students simply need to fulfill the basic science course requirements that most medical schools recommend and will need to prepare to take the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) in their junior or early senior year in college. Once attending medical school, student courses will focus on basic medical sciences like human anatomy, physiology, chemistry, etc., for the first three years, the second year of which is when medical students start to get hands-on experience with actual patients.[40]

Training of pediatricians

[edit]
Pediatrics
Occupation
Names
  • Pediatrician
  • Paediatrician
Occupation type
 Specialty
Activity sectors
 Medicine
Description
Education required
  • Doctor of Medicine
  • Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
  • Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS/MBChB)
Fields of
employment
 Hospitals, Clinics

The training of pediatricians varies considerably across the world. Depending on jurisdiction and university, a medical degree course may be either undergraduate-entry or graduate-entry. The former commonly takes five or six years and has been usual in the Commonwealth. Entrants to graduate-entry courses (as in the US), usually lasting four or five years, have previously completed a three- or four-year university degree, commonly but by no means always in sciences. Medical graduates hold a degree specific to the country and university in and from which they graduated. This degree qualifies that medical practitioner to become licensed or registered under the laws of that particular country, and sometimes of several countries, subject to requirements for "internship" or "conditional registration".

Pediatricians must undertake further training in their chosen field. This may take from four to eleven or more years depending on jurisdiction and the degree of specialization.

In the United States, a medical school graduate wishing to specialize in pediatrics must undergo a three-year residency composed of outpatient, inpatient, and critical care rotations. Subspecialties within pediatrics require further training in the form of 3-year fellowships. Subspecialties include critical care, gastroenterology, neurology, infectious disease, hematology/oncology, rheumatology, pulmonology, child abuse, emergency medicine, endocrinology, neonatology, and others.[41]

In most jurisdictions, entry-level degrees are common to all branches of the medical profession, but in some jurisdictions, specialization in pediatrics may begin before completion of this degree. In some jurisdictions, pediatric training is begun immediately following the completion of entry-level training. In other jurisdictions, junior medical doctors must undertake generalist (unstreamed) training for a number of years before commencing pediatric (or any other) specialization. Specialist training is often largely under the control of 'pediatric organizations (see below) rather than universities and depends on the jurisdiction.

Subspecialties

[edit]

Subspecialties of pediatrics include:

(not an exhaustive list)

  • Addiction medicine (multidisciplinary)
  • Adolescent medicine
  • Child abuse pediatrics
  • Clinical genetics
  • Clinical informatics
  • Developmental-behavioral pediatrics
  • Headache medicine
  • Hospital medicine
  • Medical toxicology
  • Metabolic medicine
  • Neonatology/Perinatology
  • Pain medicine (multidisciplinary)
  • Palliative care (multidisciplinary)
  • Pediatric allergy and immunology
  • Pediatric cardiology
    • Pediatric cardiac critical care
  • Pediatric critical care
    • Neurocritical care
    • Pediatric cardiac critical care
  • Pediatric emergency medicine
  • Pediatric endocrinology
  • Pediatric gastroenterology
    • Transplant hepatology
  • Pediatric hematology
  • Pediatric infectious disease
  • Pediatric nephrology
  • Pediatric oncology
    • Pediatric neuro-oncology
  • Pediatric pulmonology
  • Primary care
  • Pediatric rheumatology
  • Sleep medicine (multidisciplinary)
  • Social pediatrics
  • Sports medicine

Other specialties that care for children

[edit]

(not an exhaustive list)

  • Child neurology
    • Addiction medicine (multidisciplinary)
    • Brain injury medicine
    • Clinical neurophysiology
    • Epilepsy
    • Headache medicine
    • Neurocritical care
    • Neuroimmunology
    • Neuromuscular medicine
    • Pain medicine (multidisciplinary)
    • Palliative care (multidisciplinary)
    • Pediatric neuro-oncology
    • Sleep medicine (multidisciplinary)
  • Child and adolescent psychiatry, subspecialty of psychiatry
  • Neurodevelopmental disabilities
  • Pediatric anesthesiology, subspecialty of anesthesiology
  • Pediatric dentistry, subspecialty of dentistry
  • Pediatric dermatology, subspecialty of dermatology
  • Pediatric gynecology
  • Pediatric neurosurgery, subspecialty of neurosurgery
  • Pediatric ophthalmology, subspecialty of ophthalmology
  • Pediatric orthopedic surgery, subspecialty of orthopedic surgery
  • Pediatric otolaryngology, subspecialty of otolaryngology
  • Pediatric plastic surgery, subspecialty of plastic surgery
  • Pediatric radiology, subspecialty of radiology
  • Pediatric rehabilitation medicine, subspecialty of physical medicine and rehabilitation
  • Pediatric surgery, subspecialty of general surgery
  • Pediatric urology, subspecialty of urology

See also

[edit]
  • American Academy of Pediatrics
  • American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics
  • Center on Media and Child Health (CMCH)
  • Children's hospital
  • List of pediatric organizations
  • List of pediatrics journals
  • Medical specialty
  • Pediatric Oncall
  • Pain in babies
  • Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
  • Pediatric environmental health

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Paediatrics" (PDF). nhs.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  2. ^ "Choosing a Pediatrician for Your New Baby (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth". kidshealth.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  3. ^ "Age limits of pediatrics". Pediatrics. 81 (5): 736. May 1988. doi:10.1542/peds.81.5.736. PMID 3357740. S2CID 245164191. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  4. ^ Sawyer, Susan M.; McNeil, Robyn; Francis, Kate L.; Matskarofski, Juliet Z.; Patton, George C.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Esangbedo, Dorothy O.; Klein, Jonathan D. (1 November 2019). "The age of paediatrics". The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 3 (11): 822–830. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30266-4. ISSN 2352-4642. PMID 31542355. S2CID 202732818.
  5. ^ a b c d e Duffin, Jacalyn (2010). History of Medicine, Second Edition: A Scandalously Short Introduction. University of Toronto Press.
  6. ^ a b c d e Colón, A. R.; Colón, P. A. (January 1999). Nurturing children: a history of pediatrics. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31080-5. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  7. ^ Celsus, De Medicina, Book 3, Chapter 7, § 1.
  8. ^ John G. Raffensperger. Children's Surgery: A Worldwide History. McFarland. p. 21.
  9. ^ David Levinson; Karen Christensen. Encyclopedia of modern Asia. Vol. 4. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 116.
  10. ^ Desai, A.B. Textbook Of Paediatrics. Orient blackswan. p. 1.
  11. ^ Dunn, P. M. (1995). "Soranus of Ephesus (Circa AD 98-138) and perinatal care in Roman times". Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 73 (1): F51 – F52. doi:10.1136/fn.73.1.f51. PMC 2528358. PMID 7552600.
  12. ^ Elgood, Cyril (2010). A Medical History of Persia and The Eastern Caliphate (1st ed.). London: Cambridge. pp. 202–203. ISBN 978-1-108-01588-2. By writing a monograph on 'Diseases in Children' he may also be looked upon as the father of paediatrics.
  13. ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts, Al-Razi, the Clinician" [1] Archived 5 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "Achar S Textbook Of Pediatrics (Third Edition)". A. B. Desai (ed.) (1989). p.1. ISBN 81-250-0440-8
  15. ^ Stern, Alexandra Minna; Markel, Howard (2002). Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000. University of Michigan Press. pp. 23–24. doi:10.3998/mpub.17065. ISBN 978-0-472-02503-9. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  16. ^ Lock, Stephen; John M. Last; George Dunea (2001). The Oxford illustrated companion to medicine. Oxford University Press US. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-19-262950-0. Retrieved 9 July 2010. Rosen von Rosenstein.
  17. ^ Roberts, Michael (2003). The Age of Liberty: Sweden 1719–1772. Cambridge University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-521-52707-1. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  18. ^ Dallas, John. "Classics of Child Care". Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  19. ^ Duffin, Jacalyn (29 May 2010). History of Medicine, Second Edition: A Scandalously Short Introduction. University of Toronto Press.
  20. ^ Stern, Alexandra Minna; Markel, Howard (2002). Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000. University of Michigan Press. pp. 23–24. doi:10.3998/mpub.17065. ISBN 978-0-472-02503-9. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  21. ^ "Broadribb's Introductory Pediatric Nursing". Nancy T. Hatfield (2007). p.4. ISBN 0-7817-7706-2
  22. ^ "Jacobi Medical Center - General Information". Archived from the original on 18 April 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2006.
  23. ^ Kutzsche, Stefan (8 April 2021). "Abraham Jacobi (1830–1919) and his transition from political to medical activist". Acta Paediatrica. 110 (8): 2303–2305. doi:10.1111/apa.15887. ISSN 0803-5253. PMID 33963612. S2CID 233998658. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  24. ^ a b Ballbriga, Angel (1991). "One century of pediatrics in Europe (section: development of pediatric hospitals in Europe)". In Nichols, Burford L.; et al. (eds.). History of Paediatrics 1850–1950. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. Vol. 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-88167-695-0.
  25. ^ official history site (in French) of nineteenth century paediatric hospitals in Paris
  26. ^ "Introducing the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital". Hôpital des Necker-Enfants Malades.
  27. ^ Young, D.G. (August 1999). "The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery". Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh. 44 (4): 211–5. PMID 10453141. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
  28. ^ Pearson, Howard A. (1991). "Pediatrics in the United States". In Nichols, Burford L.; et al. (eds.). History of Paediatrics 1850–1950. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. Vol. 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 55–63. ISBN 0-88167-695-0.
  29. ^ "Commentaries: Edwards A Park". Pediatrics. 44 (6). American Academy of Pediatrics: 897–901. 1969. doi:10.1542/peds.44.6.897. PMID 4903838. S2CID 43298798.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h O'Hara, Kate (2016). "Paediatric pharmacokinetics and drug doses". Australian Prescriber. 39 (6): 208–210. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2016.071. ISSN 0312-8008. PMC 5155058. PMID 27990048.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wagner, Jonathan; Abdel-Rahman, Susan M. (2013). "Pediatric pharmacokinetics". Pediatrics in Review. 34 (6): 258–269. doi:10.1542/pir.34-6-258. ISSN 1526-3347. PMID 23729775.
  32. ^ a b c d e f Batchelor, Hannah Katharine; Marriott, John Francis (2015). "Paediatric pharmacokinetics: key considerations". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 79 (3): 395–404. doi:10.1111/bcp.12267. ISSN 1365-2125. PMC 4345950. PMID 25855821.
  33. ^ Katz, Aviva L.; Webb, Sally A.; COMMITTEE ON BIOETHICS; Macauley, Robert C.; Mercurio, Mark R.; Moon, Margaret R.; Okun, Alexander L.; Opel, Douglas J.; Statter, Mindy B. (1 August 2016). "Informed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice". Pediatrics. 138 (2): e20161485. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1485. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 27456510. S2CID 7951515.
  34. ^ a b Mazur, Kate A.; Berg, Stacey L., eds. (2020). Ethical Issues in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. pp. 13–21. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22684-8. ISBN 978-3-030-22683-1. S2CID 208302429.
  35. ^ a b Stern, Alexandra Minna; Markel, Howard (2002). Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000. University of Michigan Press. pp. 23–24. doi:10.3998/mpub.17065. ISBN 978-0-472-02503-9. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  36. ^ Friedman, Lainie Ross (2004). Children, families, and health care decision making. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-925154-1. OCLC 756393117.
  37. ^ a b c Martakis, K.; Schröder-Bäck, P.; Brand, H. (1 June 2018). "Developing child autonomy in pediatric healthcare: towards an ethical model". Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria. 116 (3): e401 – e408. doi:10.5546/aap.2018.eng.e401. ISSN 0325-0075. PMID 29756714. S2CID 46889502.
  38. ^ Schapiro, Tamar (1 July 1999). "What Is a Child?". Ethics. 109 (4): 715–738. doi:10.1086/233943. ISSN 0014-1704. S2CID 170129444. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  39. ^ Dondorp, W.; Bolt, I.; Tibben, A.; De Wert, G.; Van Summeren, M. (1 September 2021). "'We Should View Him as an Individual': The Role of the Child's Future Autonomy in Shared Decision-Making About Unsolicited Findings in Pediatric Exome Sequencing". Health Care Analysis. 29 (3): 249–261. doi:10.1007/s10728-020-00425-7. ISSN 1573-3394. PMID 33389383. S2CID 230112761.
  40. ^ "What Education Is Required to Be a Pediatrician?". Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  41. ^ "CoPS". www.pedsubs.org. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2015.

Further reading

[edit]
  • BMC Pediatrics - open access
  • Clinical Pediatrics
  • Developmental Review - partial open access
  • JAMA Pediatrics
  • The Journal of Pediatrics - partial open access
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pediatrics.
 
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Pediatrics
 
Look up paediatrics or pediatrics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Pediatrics Directory at Curlie
  • Pediatric Health Directory at OpenMD
 
 

 

Dental braces

Dental braces (also known as orthodontic braces, or simply braces) are devices used in orthodontics that align and straighten teeth and help position them with regard to a person's bite, while also aiming to improve dental health. They are often used to correct underbites, as well as malocclusions, overbites, open bites, gaps, deep bites, cross bites, crooked teeth, and various other flaws of the teeth and jaw. Braces can be either cosmetic or structural. Dental braces are often used in conjunction with other orthodontic appliances to help widen the palate or jaws and to otherwise assist in shaping the teeth and jaws.

Process

[edit]

The application of braces moves the teeth as a result of force and pressure on the teeth. Traditionally, four basic elements are used: brackets, bonding material, arch wire, and ligature elastic (also called an "O-ring"). The teeth move when the arch wire puts pressure on the brackets and teeth. Sometimes springs or rubber bands are used to put more force in a specific direction.[1]

Braces apply constant pressure which, over time, moves teeth into the desired positions. The process loosens the tooth after which new bone grows to support the tooth in its new position. This is called bone remodelling. Bone remodelling is a biomechanical process responsible for making bones stronger in response to sustained load-bearing activity and weaker in the absence of carrying a load. Bones are made of cells called osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Two different kinds of bone resorption are possible: direct resorption, which starts from the lining cells of the alveolar bone, and indirect or retrograde resorption, which occurs when the periodontal ligament has been subjected to an excessive amount and duration of compressive stress.[2] Another important factor associated with tooth movement is bone deposition. Bone deposition occurs in the distracted periodontal ligament. Without bone deposition, the tooth will loosen, and voids will occur distal to the direction of tooth movement.[3]

Types

[edit]
"Clear" braces
Upper and Lower Jaw Functional Expanders
  • Traditional metal wired braces (also known as "train track braces") are stainless-steel and are sometimes used in combination with titanium. Traditional metal braces are the most common type of braces.[4] These braces have a metal bracket with elastic ties (also known as rubber bands) holding the wire onto the metal brackets. The second-most common type of braces is self-ligating braces, which have a built-in system to secure the archwire to the brackets and do not require elastic ties. Instead, the wire goes through the bracket. Often with this type of braces, treatment time is reduced, there is less pain on the teeth, and fewer adjustments are required than with traditional braces.
  • Gold-plated stainless steel braces are often employed for patients allergic to nickel (a basic and important component of stainless steel), but may also be chosen for aesthetic reasons.
  • Lingual braces are a cosmetic alternative in which custom-made braces are bonded to the back of the teeth making them externally invisible.
  • Titanium braces resemble stainless-steel braces but are lighter and just as strong. People with allergies to nickel in steel often choose titanium braces, but they are more expensive than stainless steel braces.
  • Customized orthodontic treatment systems combine high technology including 3-D imaging, treatment planning software and a robot to custom bend the wire. Customized systems such as this offer faster treatment times and more efficient results.[5]
  • Progressive, clear removable aligners may be used to gradually move teeth into their final positions. Aligners are generally not used for complex orthodontic cases, such as when extractions, jaw surgery, or palate expansion are necessary.[medical citation needed][6]

Fitting procedure

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A patient's teeth are prepared for the application of braces.

Orthodontic services may be provided by any licensed dentist trained in orthodontics. In North America, most orthodontic treatment is done by orthodontists, who are dentists in the diagnosis and treatment of malocclusions—malalignments of the teeth, jaws, or both. A dentist must complete 2–3 years of additional post-doctoral training to earn a specialty certificate in orthodontics. There are many general practitioners who also provide orthodontic services.

The first step is to determine whether braces are suitable for the patient. The doctor consults with the patient and inspects the teeth visually. If braces are appropriate, a records appointment is set up where X-rays, moulds, and impressions are made. These records are analyzed to determine the problems and the proper course of action. The use of digital models is rapidly increasing in the orthodontic industry. Digital treatment starts with the creation of a three-dimensional digital model of the patient's arches. This model is produced by laser-scanning plaster models created using dental impressions. Computer-automated treatment simulation has the ability to automatically separate the gums and teeth from one another and can handle malocclusions well; this software enables clinicians to ensure, in a virtual setting, that the selected treatment will produce the optimal outcome, with minimal user input.[medical citation needed]

Typical treatment times vary from six months to two and a half years depending on the complexity and types of problems. Orthognathic surgery may be required in extreme cases. About 2 weeks before the braces are applied, orthodontic spacers may be required to spread apart back teeth in order to create enough space for the bands.

Teeth to be braced will have an adhesive applied to help the cement bond to the surface of the tooth. In most cases, the teeth will be banded and then brackets will be added. A bracket will be applied with dental cement, and then cured with light until hardened. This process usually takes a few seconds per tooth. If required, orthodontic spacers may be inserted between the molars to make room for molar bands to be placed at a later date. Molar bands are required to ensure brackets will stick. Bands are also utilized when dental fillings or other dental works make securing a bracket to a tooth infeasible. Orthodontic tubes (stainless steel tubes that allow wires to pass through them), also known as molar tubes, are directly bonded to molar teeth either by a chemical curing or a light curing adhesive. Usually, molar tubes are directly welded to bands, which is a metal ring that fits onto the molar tooth. Directly bonded molar tubes are associated with a higher failure rate when compared to molar bands cemented with glass ionomer cement. Failure of orthodontic brackets, bonded tubes or bands will increase the overall treatment time for the patient. There is evidence suggesting that there is less enamel decalcification associated with molar bands cemented with glass ionomer cement compared with orthodontic tubes directly cemented to molars using a light cured adhesive. Further evidence is needed to withdraw a more robust conclusion due to limited data.[7]

An archwire will be threaded between the brackets and affixed with elastic or metal ligatures. Ligatures are available in a wide variety of colours, and the patient can choose which colour they like. Arch wires are bent, shaped, and tightened frequently to achieve the desired results.

Dental braces, with a transparent power chain, removed after completion of treatment.

Modern orthodontics makes frequent use of nickel-titanium archwires and temperature-sensitive materials. When cold, the archwire is limp and flexible, easily threaded between brackets of any configuration. Once heated to body temperature, the arch wire will stiffen and seek to retain its shape, creating constant light force on the teeth.

Brackets with hooks can be placed, or hooks can be created and affixed to the arch wire to affix rubber bands. The placement and configuration of the rubber bands will depend on the course of treatment and the individual patient. Rubber bands are made in different diameters, colours, sizes, and strengths. They are also typically available in two versions: Coloured or clear/opaque.

The fitting process can vary between different types of braces, though there are similarities such as the initial steps of moulding the teeth before application. For example, with clear braces, impressions of a patient's teeth are evaluated to create a series of trays, which fit to the patient's mouth almost like a protective mouthpiece. With some forms of braces, the brackets are placed in a special form that is customized to the patient's mouth, drastically reducing the application time.

In many cases, there is insufficient space in the mouth for all the teeth to fit properly. There are two main procedures to make room in these cases. One is extraction: teeth are removed to create more space. The second is expansion, in which the palate or arch is made larger by using a palatal expander. Expanders can be used with both children and adults. Since the bones of adults are already fused, expanding the palate is not possible without surgery to separate them. An expander can be used on an adult without surgery but would be used to expand the dental arch, and not the palate.

Sometimes children and teenage patients, and occasionally adults, are required to wear a headgear appliance as part of the primary treatment phase to keep certain teeth from moving (for more detail on headgear and facemask appliances see Orthodontic headgear). When braces put pressure on one's teeth, the periodontal membrane stretches on one side and is compressed on the other. This movement needs to be done slowly or otherwise, the patient risks losing their teeth. This is why braces are worn as long as they are and adjustments are only made every so often.

Young Colombian man during an adjustment visit for his orthodontics

Braces are typically adjusted every three to six weeks. This helps shift the teeth into the correct position. When they get adjusted, the orthodontist removes the coloured or metal ligatures keeping the arch wire in place. The arch wire is then removed and may be replaced or modified. When the archwire has been placed back into the mouth, the patient may choose a colour for the new elastic ligatures, which are then affixed to the metal brackets. The adjusting process may cause some discomfort to the patient, which is normal.

Post-treatment

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Patients may need post-orthodontic surgery, such as a fiberotomy or alternatively a gum lift, to prepare their teeth for retainer use and improve the gumline contours after the braces come off. After braces treatment, patients can use a transparent plate to keep the teeth in alignment for a certain period of time. After treatment, patients usually use transparent plates for 6 months. In patients with long and difficult treatment, a fixative wire is attached to the back of the teeth to prevent the teeth from returning to their original state.[8]

Retainers

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Main article: Retainer (orthodontic device)
Hawley retainers are the most common type of retainers. This picture shows retainers for the top (right) and bottom (left) of the mouth.

In order to prevent the teeth from moving back to their original position, retainers are worn once the treatment is complete. Retainers help in maintaining and stabilizing the position of teeth long enough to permit the reorganization of the supporting structures after the active phase of orthodontic therapy. If the patient does not wear the retainer appropriately and/or for the right amount of time, the teeth may move towards their previous position. For regular braces, Hawley retainers are used. They are made of metal hooks that surround the teeth and are enclosed by an acrylic plate shaped to fit the patient's palate. For Clear Removable braces, an Essix retainer is used. This is similar to the original aligner; it is a clear plastic tray that is firmly fitted to the teeth and stays in place without a plate fitted to the palate. There is also a bonded retainer where a wire is permanently bonded to the lingual side of the teeth, usually the lower teeth only.

Headgear

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Main article: Orthodontic headgear

Headgear needs to be worn between 12 and 22 hours each day to be effective in correcting the overbite, typically for 12 to 18 months depending on the severity of the overbite, how much it is worn and what growth stage the patient is in. Typically the prescribed daily wear time will be between 14 and 16 hours a day and is frequently used as a post-primary treatment phase to maintain the position of the jaw and arch. Headgear can be used during the night while the patient sleeps.[9][better source needed]

Orthodontic headgear usually consists of three major components:

Full orthodontic headgear with head cap, fitting straps, facebow and elastics
  1. Facebow: the facebow (or J-Hooks) is fitted with a metal arch onto headgear tubes attached to the rear upper and lower molars. This facebow then extends out of the mouth and around the patient's face. J-Hooks are different in that they hook into the patient's mouth and attach directly to the brace (see photo for an example of J-Hooks).
  2. Head cap: the head cap typically consists of one or a number of straps fitting around the patient's head. This is attached with elastic bands or springs to the facebow. Additional straps and attachments are used to ensure comfort and safety (see photo).
  3. Attachment: typically consisting of rubber bands, elastics, or springs—joins the facebow or J-Hooks and the head cap together, providing the force to move the upper teeth, jaw backwards.

The headgear application is one of the most useful appliances available to the orthodontist when looking to correct a Class II malocclusion. See more details in the section Orthodontic headgear.

Pre-finisher

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The pre-finisher is moulded to the patient's teeth by use of extreme pressure on the appliance by the person's jaw. The product is then worn a certain amount of time with the user applying force to the appliance in their mouth for 10 to 15 seconds at a time. The goal of the process is to increase the exercise time in applying the force to the appliance. If a person's teeth are not ready for a proper retainer the orthodontist may prescribe the use of a preformed finishing appliance such as the pre-finisher. This appliance fixes gaps between the teeth, small spaces between the upper and lower jaw, and other minor problems.

Complications and risks

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A group of dental researchers, Fatma Boke, Cagri Gazioglu, Selvi Akkaya, and Murat Akkaya, conducted a study titled "Relationship between orthodontic treatment and gingival health." The results indicated that some orthodontist treatments result in gingivitis, also known as gum disease. The researchers concluded that functional appliances used to harness natural forces (such as improving the alignment of bites) do not usually have major effects on the gum after treatment.[10] However, fixed appliances such as braces, which most people get, can result in visible plaque, visible inflammation, and gum recession in a majority of the patients. The formation of plaques around the teeth of patients with braces is almost inevitable regardless of plaque control and can result in mild gingivitis. But if someone with braces does not clean their teeth carefully, plaques will form, leading to more severe gingivitis and gum recession.

Experiencing some pain following fitting and activation of fixed orthodontic braces is very common and several methods have been suggested to tackle this.[11][12] Pain associated with orthodontic treatment increases in proportion to the amount of force that is applied to the teeth. When a force is applied to a tooth via a brace, there is a reduction in the blood supply to the fibres that attach the tooth to the surrounding bone. This reduction in blood supply results in inflammation and the release of several chemical factors, which stimulate the pain response. Orthodontic pain can be managed using pharmacological interventions, which involve the use of analgesics applied locally or systemically. These analgesics are divided into four main categories, including opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol and local anesthesia. The first three of these analgesics are commonly taken systemically to reduce orthodontic pain.[13]

A Cochrane Review in 2017 evaluated the pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment. The study concluded that there was moderate-quality evidence that analgesics reduce the pain associated with orthodontic treatment. However, due to a lack of evidence, it was unclear whether systemic NSAIDs were more effective than paracetamol, and whether topical NSAIDs were more effective than local anaesthesia in the reduction of pain associated with orthodontic treatment. More high-quality research is required to investigate these particular comparisons.[13]

The dental displacement obtained with the orthodontic appliance determines in most cases some degree of root resorption. Only in a few cases is this side effect large enough to be considered real clinical damage to the tooth. In rare cases, the teeth may fall out or have to be extracted due to root resorption.[14][15]

History

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Ancient

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Old Braces at a museum in Jbeil, Lebanon

According to scholars and historians, braces date back to ancient times. Around 400–300 BC, Hippocrates and Aristotle contemplated ways to straighten teeth and fix various dental conditions. Archaeologists have discovered numerous mummified ancient individuals with what appear to be metal bands wrapped around their teeth. Catgut, a type of cord made from the natural fibres of an animal's intestines, performed a similar role to today's orthodontic wire in closing gaps in the teeth and mouth.[16]

The Etruscans buried their dead with dental appliances in place to maintain space and prevent the collapse of the teeth during the afterlife. A Roman tomb was found with a number of teeth bound with gold wire documented as a ligature wire, a small elastic wire that is used to affix the arch wire to the bracket. Even Cleopatra wore a pair. Roman philosopher and physician Aulus Cornelius Celsus first recorded the treatment of teeth by finger pressure. Unfortunately, due to a lack of evidence, poor preservation of bodies, and primitive technology, little research was carried out on dental braces until around the 17th century, although dentistry was making great advancements as a profession by then.[citation needed]

18th century

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Portrait of Fauchard from his 1728 edition of "The Surgical Dentist".

Orthodontics truly began developing in the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1669, French dentist Pierre Fauchard, who is often credited with inventing modern orthodontics, published a book entitled "The Surgeon Dentist" on methods of straightening teeth. Fauchard, in his practice, used a device called a "Bandeau", a horseshoe-shaped piece of iron that helped expand the palate. In 1754, another French dentist, Louis Bourdet, dentist to the King of France, followed Fauchard's book with The Dentist's Art, which also dedicated a chapter to tooth alignment and application. He perfected the "Bandeau" and was the first dentist on record to recommend extraction of the premolar teeth to alleviate crowding and improve jaw growth.

19th century

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Although teeth and palate straightening and/or pulling were used to improve the alignment of remaining teeth and had been practised since early times, orthodontics, as a science of its own, did not really exist until the mid-19th century. Several important dentists helped to advance dental braces with specific instruments and tools that allowed braces to be improved.

In 1819, Christophe François Delabarre introduced the wire crib, which marked the birth of contemporary orthodontics, and gum elastics were first employed by Maynard in 1843. Tucker was the first to cut rubber bands from rubber tubing in 1850. Dentist, writer, artist, and sculptor Norman William Kingsley in 1858 wrote the first article on orthodontics and in 1880, his book, Treatise on Oral Deformities, was published. A dentist named John Nutting Farrar is credited for writing two volumes entitled, A Treatise on the Irregularities of the Teeth and Their Corrections and was the first to suggest the use of mild force at timed intervals to move teeth.

20th century

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In the early 20th century, Edward Angle devised the first simple classification system for malocclusions, such as Class I, Class II, and so on. His classification system is still used today as a way for dentists to describe how crooked teeth are, what way teeth are pointing, and how teeth fit together. Angle contributed greatly to the design of orthodontic and dental appliances, making many simplifications. He founded the first school and college of orthodontics, organized the American Society of Orthodontia in 1901 which became the American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) in the 1930s, and founded the first orthodontic journal in 1907. Other innovations in orthodontics in the late 19th and early 20th centuries included the first textbook on orthodontics for children, published by J.J. Guilford in 1889, and the use of rubber elastics, pioneered by Calvin S. Case, along with Henry Albert Baker.

Today, space age wires (also known as dental arch wires) are used to tighten braces. In 1959, the Naval Ordnance Laboratory created an alloy of nickel and titanium called Nitinol. NASA further studied the material's physical properties.[17] In 1979, Dr. George Andreasen developed a new method of fixing braces with the use of the Nitinol wires based on their superelasticity. Andreasen used the wire on some patients and later found out that he could use it for the entire treatment. Andreasen then began using the nitinol wires for all his treatments and as a result, dental doctor visits were reduced, the cost of dental treatment was reduced, and patients reported less discomfort.

See also

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  • Mandibular advancement splint
  • Oral and maxillofacial surgery
  • Orthognathic surgery
  • Prosthodontics
  • Trismus
  • Dental implant

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Dental Braces and Retainers". WebMD. Retrieved 2020-10-30.
  2. ^ Robling, Alexander G.; Castillo, Alesha B.; Turner, Charles H. (2006). "Biomechanical and Molecular Regulation of Bone Remodeling". Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 8: 455–498. doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.8.061505.095721. PMID 16834564.
  3. ^ Toledo SR, Oliveira ID, Okamoto OK, Zago MA, de Seixas Alves MT, Filho RJ, et al. (September 2010). "Bone deposition, bone resorption, and osteosarcoma". Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 28 (9): 1142–1148. doi:10.1002/jor.21120. PMID 20225287. S2CID 22660771.
  4. ^ "Metal Braces for Teeth: Braces Types, Treatment, Cost in India". Clove Dental. Retrieved 2025-02-06.
  5. ^ Saxe, Alana K.; Louie, Lenore J.; Mah, James (2010). "Efficiency and effectiveness of SureSmile". World Journal of Orthodontics. 11 (1): 16–22. PMID 20209172.
  6. ^ Tamer, İpek (December 2019). "Orthodontic Treatment with Clear Aligners and The Scientific Reality Behind Their Marketing: A Literature Review". Turkish Journal of Orthodontics. 32 (4): 241–246. doi:10.5152/TurkJOrthod.2019.18083. PMC 7018497. PMID 32110470.
  7. ^ Millett DT, Mandall NA, Mattick RC, Hickman J, Glenny AM (February 2017). "Adhesives for bonded molar tubes during fixed brace treatment". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2 (3): CD008236. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008236.pub3. PMC 6464028. PMID 28230910.
  8. ^ Rubie J Patrick (2017). "What About Teeth After Braces?" 2017 – "Health Journal Article" Toothcost Archived 2021-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Naten, Joshua. "Braces Headgear (Treatments)". toothcost.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021.
  10. ^ Boke, Fatma; Gazioglu, Cagri; Akkaya, Sevil; Akkaya, Murat (2014). "Relationship between orthodontic treatment and gingival health: A retrospective study". European Journal of Dentistry. 8 (3): 373–380. doi:10.4103/1305-7456.137651. ISSN 1305-7456. PMC 4144137. PMID 25202219.
  11. ^ Eslamian L, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Hassanzadeh-Azhiri A, Badiee MR, Fekrazad R (March 2014). "The effect of 810-nm low-level laser therapy on pain caused by orthodontic elastomeric separators". Lasers in Medical Science. 29 (2): 559–64. doi:10.1007/s10103-012-1258-1. PMID 23334785. S2CID 25416518.
  12. ^ Eslamian L, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Edini HZ, Badiee MR, Lynch E, Mortazavi A (September 2013). "The analgesic effect of benzocaine mucoadhesive patches on orthodontic pain caused by elastomeric separators, a preliminary study". Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 71 (5): 1168–73. doi:10.3109/00016357.2012.757358. PMID 23301559. S2CID 22561192.
  13. ^ a b Monk AB, Harrison JE, Worthington HV, Teague A (November 2017). "Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (12): CD003976. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003976.pub2. PMC 6486038. PMID 29182798.
  14. ^ Artun J, Smale I, Behbehani F, Doppel D, Van't Hof M, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM (November 2005). "Apical root resorption six and 12 months after initiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy". The Angle Orthodontist. 75 (6): 919–26. PMID 16448232.
  15. ^ Mavragani M, Vergari A, Selliseth NJ, Bøe OE, Wisth PL (December 2000). "A radiographic comparison of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment with a standard edgewise and a straight-wire edgewise technique". European Journal of Orthodontics. 22 (6): 665–74. doi:10.1093/ejo/22.6.665. PMID 11212602.
  16. ^ Wahl N (February 2005). "Orthodontics in 3 millennia. Chapter 1: Antiquity to the mid-19th century". American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 127 (2): 255–9. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.11.013. PMID 15750547.
  17. ^ "NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)". Spinoff 1979. February 1979. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
[edit]
  • Useful Resources: FAQ and Downloadable eBooks at Orthodontics Australia
  • Orthos Explain: Treatment Options at Orthodontics Australia
  • Media related to Dental braces at Wikimedia Commons
 

 

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Frequently Asked Questions

It is recommended that children have their first orthodontic evaluation by age 7. At this early stage, the orthodontist can identify potential issues with jaw growth or emerging teeth alignment and determine if any intervention is necessary.
Common signs include crowded or misplaced teeth, difficulty biting or chewing, mouth breathing, thumb sucking beyond age 5, misaligned jaws (underbite or overbite), and early or late loss of baby teeth. If you notice any of these signs in your child, its advisable to consult an orthodontist.
Braces help correct dental alignment issues such as crooked teeth, spacing problems, and bite irregularities. In the long term, they improve oral health by making it easier to clean teeth properly, reduce the risk of tooth decay and gum disease, enhance speech clarity, boost self-esteem through improved aesthetics, and prevent more severe dental problems later in life.